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The enactment of the national Right to Information (RTI) Act in
2005 has been produced, consumed, and celebrated as an important
event of democratic deepening in India both in terms of the process
that led to its enactment (arising from a grassroots movement) and
its outcome (fundamentally altering the citizen--state
relationship). This book proposes that the explanatory factors
underlying this event may be more complex than imagined thus far.
The book discusses how the leadership of the grassroots movement
was embedded within the ruling elite and possessed the necessary
resources as well as unparalleled access to spaces of power for the
movement to be successful. It shows how the democratisation of the
higher bureaucracy along with the launch of the economic
liberalisation project meant that the urban, educated, high-caste,
upper-middle class elite that provided critical support to the
demand for an RTI Act was no longer vested in the state and had
moved to the private sector. Mirroring this shift, the framing of
the RTI Act during the 1990s saw its ambit reduced to the
government, even as there was a concomitant push to privatise
public goods and services. It goes on to investigate the Indian RTI
Act within the global explosion of freedom of information laws over
the last two decades, and shows how international pressures had a
direct and causal impact both on its content and the timing of its
enactment. Taking the production of the RTI Act as a lens, the book
argues that while there is much to celebrate in the consolidation
of procedural democracy in India over the last six decades,
existing social and political structures may limit the extent and
forms of democratic deepening occurring in the near future. It will
be of interest to those working in the fields of South Asian Law,
Asian Politics, and Civil Society.
The enactment of the national Right to Information (RTI) Act in
2005 has been produced, consumed, and celebrated as an important
event of democratic deepening in India both in terms of the process
that led to its enactment (arising from a grassroots movement) and
its outcome (fundamentally altering the citizen--state
relationship). This book proposes that the explanatory factors
underlying this event may be more complex than imagined thus far.
The book discusses how the leadership of the grassroots movement
was embedded within the ruling elite and possessed the necessary
resources as well as unparalleled access to spaces of power for the
movement to be successful. It shows how the democratisation of the
higher bureaucracy along with the launch of the economic
liberalisation project meant that the urban, educated, high-caste,
upper-middle class elite that provided critical support to the
demand for an RTI Act was no longer vested in the state and had
moved to the private sector. Mirroring this shift, the framing of
the RTI Act during the 1990s saw its ambit reduced to the
government, even as there was a concomitant push to privatise
public goods and services. It goes on to investigate the Indian RTI
Act within the global explosion of freedom of information laws over
the last two decades, and shows how international pressures had a
direct and causal impact both on its content and the timing of its
enactment. Taking the production of the RTI Act as a lens, the book
argues that while there is much to celebrate in the consolidation
of procedural democracy in India over the last six decades,
existing social and political structures may limit the extent and
forms of democratic deepening occurring in the near future. It will
be of interest to those working in the fields of South Asian Law,
Asian Politics, and Civil Society.
This book reviews the molecular genetics of the thalassemia
syndromes, inherited hemoglobin disorders that comprise the
commonest monogenic disorders globally. Thalassemias are found in
high frequencies in tropical regions corresponding to the malaria
belt. Beta thalassemia traits show high HbA2 by HPLC, and -globin
mutations (commonly point mutations) are detected by using
ARMS-PCR, reverse dot-blot analysis and -globin gene sequencing.
Globally >300 globin gene mutations exist, however regional
mutations are limited to 5-6 common ones. Alpha globin gene defects
can only be identified by molecular tests, the exception being HbH
disease that shows ""golf ball"" appearance in HbH preparation,
pre-integration peaks on HPLC and a fast-moving band on hemoglobin
electrophoresis. Multiplex Gap-PCR identifies common -globin gene
deletions. Specific PCR across the junction caused by the unequal
crossing over can detect -gene triplication. However,
heterozygosity or homozygous triplication cannot be resolved by
this technique. Non-deletional -thalassemia can be characterized by
specific -globin gene sequencing. Identification of unusual
deletions requires Multiplex Ligation-dependent Probe
Amplification. In conclusion, the molecular characterization of
human globin gene disorders is required to resolve the
phenotypically heterogeneous thalassemia syndromes. Molecular
analysis is also an important tool to prevent these disorders by
offering prenatal screening in regions with a high disease burden.
Mechanical Engineering Data Handbook is meant for students of
B.E./B.TECH, and for candidates preparing for IES, GATE and other
competitive examinations. It consists of 18 chapters, providing
systematic coverage of the subject. Key features: The presentation
of the subject matter is systematic and the language and data of
the text is direct and easy to understand. Each chapter is filled
with much needed text supported by references and explanatory
diagrams. A large number of design data of machine, thermal and
steam tables properly graded, have been added to enable the
students to attempt different types of machine data. Includes
design data related to human factors and design data for
statistical reliability. Includes figures and proportions of
various types of materials, machine components, engines, thermal
and steam tables. Includes figures for the applications of power
screws, machine parts, thermal science, and solar energy. S.I.
units are consistently used throughout. Comprehensive presentation
of contents for quick reference. Detailed chapters on
thermodynamics, heat and mass transfer, refrigeration and
air-conditioning, and solar energy.
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